Explained: Are Chinese vaccines to blame for its COVID-19 surge?

China’s COVID-19 surge has set the world on edge.With China limiting how it defines COVID-19 tests, and some estimating it may be witnessing a million new infections and 5,000 deaths every day, questions being asked about the efficacy of their homemade vaccines.So which vaccines does China use? How have they fared? And which countries use these vaccines?Let’s take a closer look:Which vaccines does China use?China has administered at least five different vaccines to its citizens.

But Sinopharm and Sinovac, two vaccines developed by SinoPharm, have been given to the vast majority of citizens.

While China says 90 per cent of the population has been  vaccinated, only around 60 per cent  have received a booster – with the elderly most likely to miss out.More than nine million people above the age of 80 have not received the third vaccine, as per China’s official Xinhua News Agency.How have the vaccines fared against COVID-19?Not as well as the messenger RNA( mRNA) vaccines developed by the West.The Western mRNA vaccines order the body’s cells to build a replica of a key coronavirus protein to trigger an immune response, while China’s jabs are based on using an inactivated form of the virus – a tried and tested method that has been used to develop flu and polio vaccines – to trigger an immune response.The World Health Organization said in June said the US-made Moderna and Pfizer vaccines have a 95 percent efficacy rate against COVID-19.

Sinopharm’s efficacy is around 79 per cent, while the Sinovac-CoronaVac clocks in far lower at 51 per cent.

A study conducted in Hong Kong, which has administered both an mRNA vaccine and Sinovac’s CoronaVac suggested that CoronaVac requires a third shot to provide comparable protection, especially for the elderly.An ordinary course of the vaccine is two shots, with an optional booster later.***China's COVID-19 surge: Will a deadlier variant emerge as the virus spreads?It feels a lot like 2020: What India is doing to avoid a China-like COVID surgeIt’s not over yet! How worried should India be as China battles a surge in COVID infections?Omicron subvariant BF.7 behind China Covid spike already existed in India. Do we need to be scared?Can India fight the BF.7 COVID variant, behind China's big wave, through booster doses?***It also remains unclear how the Chinese vaccines will fare against newer variants like BF.7, which is currently driving the surge in China – though experts say the low level of immunity among the wider populace as a result of the zero-COVID strategy could also be to blame.Which leads us to a bigger problem – Chinese vaccines being used around the world.[caption id="attachment_11863081" align="alignnone" width="640"] Graphic: Pranay Bhardwaj[/caption]China Daily quoted its officials as saying that Beijing has thus far sent its vaccines to more than 40 countries including Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Cambodia and Philippines.‘China must important mRNA vaccines’Experts, politicos and industrialists are calling on China to import mRNA vaccines.Ali Mokdad, a professor at the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, told SCMP he thinks China could witness half a million deaths by April in the absence of mRNA vaccines and mitigation measures.Speaking to the newspaper, Dr Jennifer Huang Bouey, an epidemiologist and specialist in China policy at the RAND Corporation, said mRNA vaccines are a critical piece in China solving its COVID-19 problem.Mahindra Group chairman Anand Mahindra, taking to Twitter, said it was clear that China’s  vaccines clearly did not provide the immunity necessary.Bloomberg quoted US secretary of state Antony Blinken as saying that Washington is prepared to assist Beijing with vaccines."We want to see China get this outbreak under control. The US is worried about the rise of new coronavirus variants and China’s outbreak has clear implications for the global economy because of China being shut down on multiple levels," Blinken said.But Chinese embassy spokesperson Liu Pengyu on Wednesday said its vaccine stock “can generally meet demand" and that boosters were being rolled out.But some disagree.“These are not bad vaccines. They’re just vaccines that haven’t been optimised yet,” Gagandeep Kang, a virologist at the Christian Medical College in Vellore, India, was quoted as saying by the journal Nature.Will China see the light on mRNA vaccines?Maybe.The Global Times in April that Chinese company Fosun Pharma is working with authorities as it awaits clearance to distribute manufacture the mRNA vaccines made by Pfizer and BioNTech.There is also hope for a Chinese-made mRNA vaccine by Abogen Biosciences, a start-up founded in 2019 by Bo Ying, an American-trained scientist who once worked for Moderna.[caption id="attachment_11373171" align="alignnone" width="640"] Experts are saying China should import the mRNA vaccines. News18[/caption]The company has partnered with more established companies in the country such as Walvax, a private company founded in 2001, and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, the military's medical research facility. Abogen has raised more than $1.7 billion since 2020.The company's vaccine candidate succeeded in eliciting an immune response in a small, preliminary test in humans designed to evaluate safety, according to a study published in the journal Lancet Microbe.The results were "promising," said Dr Vineeta Bal, who studies immune systems at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Pune.But she also said that a direct comparison of the immune response triggered by the test shot with the response triggered by the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines would have helped scientists better evaluate its performance.But large studies that are needed to show whether the shot works to prevent infections or symptoms have not been completed. Abogen did not respond to requests for an interview.Even if the studies can be completed and the vaccine proves effective, manufacturing the millions of doses required will be a challenge, experts say. Abogen built a manufacturing facility in December 2020 with a projected capacity of up to 120 million doses a year.Manufacturing that vaccine and ensuring quality at scale will be a difficult hurdle to clear because mRNA is still a new technology, said Scott Wheelwright, chief operating officer at BioInno Bioscience, a Chinese biopharmaceutical contract manufacturer, who has held conversations with Abogen.In the meantime, Chen, the Yale health policy expert, said the Chinese government should better protect its elderly population by approving the Pfizer vaccine and encouraging booster shots.With inputs from agenciesRead all the Latest News, Trending News, Cricket News, Bollywood News, India News and Entertainment News here. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.