Compulsory voting in India will boost credibility of results; make democracy more inclusive, vibrant and representative

India’s 2014 general election was the largest democratic event in the history of mankind, just by the sheer size of the electorate.A total of 814 million people were eligible to vote in the election. However, of these, only 66.4 percent actually voted. On the face of it, this seems like a decent number. But given the numbers, that means 273.5 million eligible voters did not vote. To put this into perspective, this figure is more than the entire population of Brazil and Indonesia (the 4^th and 5^th most populated countries in the world), respectively.One hundred and eight countries had a higher voting percentage than India. A dismal rank, as highlighted in the table below:

1	Vietnam	99.26%
2	Rwanda	98.80%
3	Laos	97.94%
4	Singapore	93.56%
5	Ethiopia	93.22%
6	Malta	92.06%
7	Turkmenistan	91.69%
8	Australia	91.01%
9	Antigua and Barbuda	90.27%
10	Solomon Islands	89.93%
11	Luxembourg	89.66%
12	Uruguay	89.62%
13	Faroe Islands	89.50%
14	Belgium	89.37%
15	Guinea-Bissau	88.57%
16	Uzbekistan	88.51%
17	Seychelles	87.61%
18	Bolivia	87.45%
19	Sweden	87.18%
20	Bahamas	86.91%
21	Turkey	86.22%
22	Denmark	85.89%
23	Cuba	85.65%
24	Botswana	84.75%
25	Sierra Leone	84.20%
26	Equatorial Guinea	84.01%
27	Aruba	83.96%
28	Cambodia	83.02%
29	Nauru	82.48%
30	Malaysia	82.32%
31	Tajikistan	82.00%
32	Philippines	81.95%
33	Netherlands	81.93%
34	Peru	81.88%
35	Ecuador	81.74%
36	Timor-Leste	80.98%
37	Sao Tome and Principe	80.65%
38	Austria	80.00%
39	Tuvalu	79.99%
40	New Zealand	79.75%
41	Brazil	79.50%
42	Iceland	79.18%
43	Cook Islands	79.12%
44	Norway	78.22%
45	Maldives	77.93%
46	Liechtenstein	77.82%
47	State of Palestine	77.70%
48	Sri Lanka	77.66%
49	Kenya	77.37%
50	Kazakhstan	77.10%
51	Papua New Guinea	76.89%
52	Cameroon	76.79%
53	Argentina	76.74%
54	Germany	76.15%
55	Angola	76.13%
56	Panama	75.19%
57	Indonesia	75.11%
58	Yemen	74.98%
59	Belarus	74.68%
60	Mauritius	74.41%
61	Burundi	74.32%
62	Cayman Islands	74.06%
63	Venezuela	73.76%
64	Grenada	73.65%
65	Mongolia	73.58%
66	South Africa	73.48%
67	Montenegro	73.41%
68	Saint Vincent	73.39%
69	Anguilla	73.24%
70	Samoa	73.06%
71	Bermuda	72.98%
72	Greenland	72.95%
73	Italy	72.93%
74	Suriname	72.72%
75	Belize	72.69%
76	Liberia	72.49%
77	Mauritania	72.46%
78	Israel	72.34%
79	Guyana	72.19%
80	Saint Kitts	72.19%
81	Namibia	72.00%
82	Fiji	71.92%
83	Bhutan	71.46%
84	Comoros	71.35%
85	Guatemala	71.13%
86	Montserrat	71.06%
87	Gibraltar	70.77%
88	Monaco	70.35%
89	Malawi	70.07%
90	Kuwait	70.00%
91	Spain	69.84%
92	Myanmar	69.72%
93	Hungary	69.67%
94	United Kingdom	68.93%
95	Nepal	68.67%
96	Canada	68.28%
97	Dominican Republic	67.77%
98	Uganda	67.61%
99	Ghana	67.55%
100	Kiribati	67.54%
101	Tunisia	67.43%
102	Bahrain	67.00%
103	Tonga	67.00%
104	Finland	66.85%
105	Trinidad and Tobago	66.84%
106	Macedonia	66.79%
107	Cyprus	66.74%
108	Virgin Islands	66.58%
109	India	66.40%

One could argue that a percentage wise list might in some cases not be a relevant (or fair) reference benchmark to evaluate India’s performance, simply because the numbers of electorate is significantly lower in most of these countries. Therefore, the chart below indicates a list of top 30 countries, with largest voter registrations and their voter turnouts.Here too, it can be clearly seen that although India lies in the median range, there is massive scope for improvement. Countries with similar socio-economic conditions such as Brazil, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Argentina performed much better than India.The larger point being that there is a huge section of the Indian population, which can and should vote, but doesn’t exercise its right. When you convert the percentages into numbers, they put into question the very legitimacy of elections, and by implication, of democracy, in India.In most elections in India (Assembly polls), it is safe to presume that the winning party gets around 40 percent of the total votes cast. In Lok Sabha elections, the percentage goes down further, to around 30 to 35 percent. In the last elections, the BJP won 282 seats, while clocking a 31.4 percent vote share. Now, imagine there’s a 10% increase in voter turnout (meaning around 81.4 million more people voting). This can potentially change the whole landscape.It has been traditionally argued elsewhere that rural India polls more percentage than urban India. Hence, there exists a larger scope for increase of voter turnout in urban areas than rural areas. Customarily, India’s urban areas have had a higher preference for the BJP. The recent Assembly elections have not been an exception. There is direct evidence that urban India votes less, but prefers the BJP. Hence, the direct beneficiary of a higher voter turnout, especially in urban areas, is naturally the BJP. Maybe this could have played a crucial part in the cliffhanger of a contest in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.An obvious electoral strategy for the BJP should be increasing voter turnout.  Australia has set the example by making voting compulsory. Failure to vote in Australia can attract a fine of up to $50. In addition, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil and a host of other countries enforce some form of compulsory voting.There are arguments that such a move could result in “donkey-voting”, a practice where voters (who do not have any voting preferences) turn-up and vote at random, mostly for the anyone which appears first on the ballot paper/machine. This argument is based on the assumption that most non-voters are either disinterested or simpletons incapable of reason. The essence of any democracy is to treat its electorate as mature and aware, and therefore this (speculative) argument holds little water. Others argue that compulsory voting will result in people having to forcefully choose political sides when they have consciously decided not to. A valid concern, but which has already been addressed through NOTA.Critics argue, perhaps rightly so, that voting is a natural right of liberty which includes the freedom to not vote, and therefore no one can be compelled to vote. Admittedly, this does put a spanner in any plans to introduce compulsory voting in India, especially in the current climate of rampant judicial activism.However, what the government can do is incentivise voting through mechanisms such as nominal income tax credits, rebates or subsidies. The Election Commission has plans to link Aadhaar (already linked with PAN) with voter ID cards, which would make for a smooth implementation from an operational perspective. Given that the middle class, which is the conventional voter base of the BJP, is also the tax paying class, such a move will also make a lot of political sense for the BJP.Before critics of BJP accuse it of using Machiavellian tactics, they will perhaps be happy to learn that studies have shown that compulsory voting has resulted in an increased support of leftist policies. There is a robust case to shed the status-quo and to take proactive steps to increase India’s voter turnout, not only to lend credibility to election results but also in order to make India’s democracy more inclusive, vibrant and truly representative.Raghav Pandey is an assistant professor of Law at Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai and Kumar Venkatesh, is a corporate lawyer based in London.