All you need to know about LoUs, SWIFT code and why bank unions smell bigger fish behind PNB scam

Chennai: Only the naive would believe that just two officials were involved in the $1.8 billion fraud in Punjab National Bank (PNB) and that the whole bank was in the dark for the past seven years, said a top leader of a major bank union.He also asked the PNB management to reveal what kind of due diligence was done on diamond trader Nirav Modi and his companies before extending a loan of Rs 1,700 crore."The PNB management is blaming other banks for not sharing details of their due diligence done on Modi's business. The $1.8 billion fraud is done on non-fund based transaction. The PNB management has to clarify what kind of due diligence it had done while lending to Modi's firms a sum of Rs 1,700 crore," C H Venkatachalam, General Secretary, All India Bank Employees' Association (AIBEA) told IANS.He also said the BJP government has not appointed workman and officer directors in public sector banks and that had weakened the checks and balances.The PNB had said the alleged fraud was carried out by two staffers by not entering the transactions in the bank's core banking solution but only in SWIFT signalling another bank's overseas branch that the transaction is valid.[caption id="attachment_4354641" align="alignleft" width="380"]

AP image.[/caption]According to PNB's complaint, some fraudulent issuance of Letters of Undertakings (LoU) were detected at its Brady House branch in Mumbai. The complaint said that the fraud came to light after the retirement of the deputy manager in the Brady House branch when employees of a set of partnership firms linked to diamond trader Nirav Modi presented import documents and asked for credit to pay their suppliers in January this year.The branch officials had asked for 110 per cent margin for issuance of LoU.However the partnership firms argued that they had been availing such a facility in the past, but the branch officials did not find any official record in support of their argument.It is clear, PNB stumbled upon the fraud by providence and not by its own intelligence, Venkatachalam said.Simply put, LoU is a guarantee issued by a bank to another bank or its branch located in a foreign country. As per the LoU, the foreign bank or the foreign branch of an Indian bank would deposit the required sum in the Nostro account of the LoU issuing bank in that country. The importer then is paid the money.When the borrower defaults, the foreign bank or the foreign branch of an Indian bank would claim its dues from the bank that issued the LoU.According to PNB, the total fraud discovered linked to diamond trader Modi under the LoU was around $1.8 billion."There must be involvement of top officials of PNB to facilitate Modi's fund needs. A high profile person like Modi would not directly deal with a low level officials at branch level," Venkatachalam said.A retired senior official of a government bank K Srinivasan told IANS, “LoUs are issued for a fee. Banks daily deploy their funds in various investment avenues including call money market. So, huge deposit in Nostro account would have been known to the PNB. Further the fee earned on such LoUs must have been booked," Srinivasan said.Srinivasan said, PNB management cannot simply say for seven years they were in the dark about the fraud.Similarly, it is strange as to how the auditors -- internal, statutory and concurrent -- as well as the inspection team from RBI missed to check the deposits in Nostro accounts, the withdrawals from there and the fee income earned on LoUs, Srinivasan said.Meanwhile, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) some time back had asked the Indian banks to link core banking solution and the SWIFT network and also encrypt the messages sent using the SWIFT system, said a senior official in a core banking solution company."Some of the old version of core banking solution are not linked to the SWIFT system. As a result, bankers used to feed the fund transfer or other transactions in their core banking system and then send the necessary message to an overseas bank using the SWIFT console, the senior official in a banking software company told IANS preferring anonymity.The SWIFT or the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication is a network used by financial institutions to communicate financial transactions.He said the PNB must have been using the old version of core banking solution without updating the same.