Doctor explains: How to spot early autism signs and why timely intervention matters

With autism spectrum disorder affecting about 1 in 100 children globally and diagnoses rising across the world due to greater awareness, there is an increasing need for parents and doctors to identify early signs and embrace neurodiversity.

Experts stress that while autism is not a disease, recognising developmental differences early and initiating timely intervention can significantly improve outcomes and help children reach their full potential.

Firstpost talked to Dr. Poonam Sidana, Director of Neonatology and Paediatrics at CK Birla Hospital (Delhi), to unpack early signs, the power of timely therapies, maternal health factors, and why autism is best viewed as neurodivergence, not disease.

Early signs of autism: What should parents and doctors watch for?

Dr Sidana: Autism mainly affects socialising and communication, and early signs are often seen in how a child engages socially. When we look at normal developmental milestones, a baby develops a social smile, looks at a caregiver’s face and smiles back, and by around 6 months begins responding when their name is called. So, early signs that parents and doctors can watch for include lack of eye contact, not responding to their name, or reduced social engagement, especially by 10–12 months. Even by 6–7 months, most babies start responding consistently to their name. Another important milestone is joint attention around 9–10 months, where a baby looks at an object you point to and then looks back at you, sharing the moment. Delays in these behaviours, reduced speech, loss of previously acquired words, or not acknowledging someone entering the room can all be subtle pointers toward autism-related behaviour.

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Role of early intervention therapies in brain development

Dr Sidana: Early intervention is based on the principle of neuroplasticity, where the brain develops very rapidly in the first two years of life and is capable of forming new connections and learning new skills. Early stimulation involves assessing the child’s strengths and challenges and designing activities accordingly. Professionals like occupational therapists, developmental pediatricians, or pediatricians create structured, play-based interventions that help different parts of the brain integrate and function better. Early recognition is key—you don’t have to wait for a formal diagnosis, which may take 1.5 to 2 years. Even at the stage of suspicion, starting guided activities with professional support can go a long way in improving outcomes.

A 13% increased risk: What expecting mothers should know about infections and autism

Dr Sidana: The exact cause of autism is not clearly known, and while there are associations, such as infections during pregnancy, there is no definite cause-and-effect relationship established. There are multiple factors, including genetic predisposition, maternal conditions, and environmental influences. The first trimester is a sensitive period as organs are forming rapidly. Therefore, expecting mothers should focus on maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding unnecessary medications, and consulting a doctor for any concerns or symptoms during pregnancy. Awareness is important, but these associations are not conclusive.

Maternal infections in early pregnancy: How they may influence autism risk in children

Dr Sidana: Maternal infections in early pregnancy are considered one of the associations that may influence development, but the exact mechanism is still not clearly understood. The first 12 weeks are particularly sensitive as organs are forming, and brain development continues rapidly during the first two years—referred to as the first 1000 days. Environmental factors like pollution and exposure to microplastics may also play a role. However, these are associations and not proven causes. Maintaining overall health and seeking timely medical advice remain important steps during pregnancy.

Understanding autism as a neurodevelopmental condition, not a disease

Dr Sidana: Autism is considered a neurobehavioral condition, not a disease. It reflects a different wiring of the brain, leading to differences in how a child develops and behaves compared to typical developmental milestones. These children are referred to as neurodivergent, meaning they develop differently—not abnormally. There is no medicine that can cure autism, as this wiring is lifelong. However, every child has their own strengths and challenges. The goal of therapy is to build on the child’s strengths and help them reach their fullest potential, while also supporting areas that may affect their ability to function socially and independently.